Some Bases of Animals Classification.

 KINGDOM ANIMALIA: 

Habitat:

·        Aquatic habitat.

·       Terrestrial Habitat.

Aquatic habitat.

·        Fresh water habitat,

·        Marine water habitat.

·        Brackish water Habitat. (Estuarine water.)-Where River open into sea.

 

Types of Animals in water:

       i.          Zooplankton. Passively floating and drifting animals.

      ii.          Nekton. Actively moving animals in water is called nekton.

    iii.          Pleuston—Organism reside at air water contact.

    iv.          Benthic. Animals reside at the bottom of water bodies.

      v.          Neuston: Minute organism that lie on the surface of water underside of the surface film of water.

    vi.          Lentic. Organism lies on stagnant water.

   vii.          Lotic -Organism lie in running water.

 

Terrestrials’ habitat:

       i.          Cursorial animal. Fast running animals tiger, lion etc.

      ii.          Fossorial animals. That live in burrows   snake, rat earthworm etc.

     iii.          Scansorial animal. That climb on wall. Lizards.

     iv.          Volant animals. That flight.

      v.          Arboreal animals. That live on trees.

 

HABITS:

Means how organism lives and eat.

Solitary. Live alone, Tape worm.

Colonial. form colony organize colony and support each other. Colony does not move from place to place.

Gregarious: Unorganized group that do not help each there’s Locust.

Sessile: That attached some substratum, E.g. Spongies or secodentry animals.

Free living: the animal that does not depend upon on other for nourishment.

Canabils.The animals that consumes their own species is called cantabiles and the phenomenon is called cannibalism. Cockroach, spider, some species.

Significance of cannibalism: For survival in extreme condition animals show the process of cannibalism.

Coprophages: The animals that eat their own undigested food rabbits, because in one digestive process they cannot complete their digestion.

 

LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION:

       i.          Cellular level of organization.

      ii.          Tissue level of organization.

     iii.          Organ level of organization.

    iv.          Organ system level of organization.

 

·       Cell level of organization.

ü      The organization in multicellular organism in which organism made up of group of cells but do not       form tissue, is called cellular level of organization   sponges.

ü      Amoebocyte’s can be convert in all other type of cell on the basis of function.

       i.          Archeocytes, Amoebocytes that regenerate into any type of cell.

      ii.          Trophocytes, Amoebocytes that transport food.

     iii.          Sclerocytes- Amoebocytes that make spicules.

     iv.          Spongioblast. Amoebocytes that that make spongin fiber.

      v.          Thecocytes. Amoebocytes that store food.

  ·  Tissue level of organization:

ü              The tissue level of organization is found in coelenterate, where we see ectoderm and endoderm.

  ·  Organ level of Organization:

ü             Organ level of organization start from Platyhelminthes, but un able to develop organ system level of        organization.

  ·   Organ System Level of organization:

ü       The highest level of organization in which organ properly arranged into system, and each system       perform particular types of function.

ü      Organ system level of organization is found in Aschelminths to chordates.

  Body plane:

  ·    Cell aggregate body plane: 

  ·   Blind sac body plane:

  ·   Tube within tube Body plane:

 

·       Cell aggregate body plane: 

ü  Cell aggregate body plane are found in sponges where a group of cell present but can never form tissue, and perform particular function. In cell aggregate body plane cells are interconvertible to each and other.

·        Blind sac body plane:

ü  Blind sac body plane has single opening for ingestion and egestion.

ü  This type of body plane found in coelenterates and Platyhelminthes.

·      
Tube within tube Body plane:

ü  Tube within tube body plane consist of anterior opening called mouth, and exterior opening is called anus or cloaca.  Body consists of two tubes:

ü  Outer tube is made up of body wall.

ü  Inner tube is made up of elementary canal.  Example -Aschelminths onwards phylum have tube within tube body plane.

Protostomes:

ü  Those animals in which blastopore develop into mouth and opposite end become anus is called protostomes

ü  Example: Annelida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda.

Deuterostomes:

ü  Those animals in which blastopore develop into anus and opposite end become mouth is called deuterostomes.

ü  Example: Echinodermata, Hemichordate, and Chordata.

SEGMENTATION:

ü        The ability of an organism to divided it body in varies portion is called segmentation.

ü       Segmentation protects sensitive organ of the body and allowing organism to safe their vital organ and    increase complex activity.

Segmentation is of two types:

  ·         Psedometamoric segmentation:

ü      False segmentation found in tape worm, because segment is not physiologically associated to each other.

ü     The newly fresh segment is present at interior end of the body and mature segment is present at      posterior end of the body.

·       Metameric segmentation:

ü      True segmentation found in Annelida, Arthropoda, and some region of vertebrata.

ü     In true segmentation new segments is present at posterior end.

ü     All segments are physiologically associated to each other.

·       SYMMETRY:

ü         Geometrical positioning of different organ and structure of an organism is called symmetry.

ü          Symmetry is of three types:

·       Asymmetry:

ü       Body can never divide into two equal parts from any means

ü      e.g.-Protozoon, sponges, Gastropods Herdmenia are example of Asymmetrical animals.

·       RADIAL SYMMETRY:

ü          Organism can be divided into two equal halves from more than one plane then it is called Radial             symmetry. The plane must pass through central axis of the body.

ü        Radial symmetry take place in cylindrical or disk shape body.

ü       Body have two pole oral end and opposite end is called aboral end.

ü        Aboral end anchoring with substratum and oral end capture prey

ü       It is beneficial for sessile organism.

ü      In case of Ctenophora the symmetry is Biradial. 

ü      Sea anemone and Ctenophora have Biradial symmetry.

ü      Echinodermata have Pentaradial symmetry.

  ·     BILATERIAL SYMMETRY:

ü       The symmetry in which organism can be divided from one plane that plane must be pass through central axis.

ü     Bilateral symmetry has surfaces along with poles. Anterior posterior and lateral sided

ü    Surfaces protect vital organs.

ü    Phylum Platy Helminthes to Chordata,

ü     Except-Gastropod, Echinodermata, Herdmenia.

 

  ·     Eucoelomates:

ü  The term coelom star from Platyhelminthes, because of triploblastic in nature.

ü  The space between body wall and elementary canal which are covered from mesoderm from all sides is called coelom. Coelom provide space for presence of organ. It provides flexibility to the body and can stretch the body. In earth worm coelomic fluid form hydrostatic skeleton that help in stiffness of the body.

True coelom is of two types:

ü  Schizocoelom- It is formed from mesodermal splitting,

ü  Example -Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca.

ü  Enterocoelom:  It is formed from mesodermal pouch arises from gut and then fuse to form true clonemate called enter coelomic animals.

ü  Example-Echinodermata’s to chordates.

 

·       Pseudocoelom:

ü  The coelom that are lined mesoderm from outer side and not lined by inner side.

ü  It is not continues space and not lined either side by mesoderm and called false cavity or pseudocoelomates.

ü  It is rudimentary form of blastocoel.

ü  It is found in Members of Aschelminths.